My Sedimentary Rock free essay sample

My room is a sedimentary stone. The encompassing high-paced, high-stress condition gives the compel important to pack every day into another layer of garments: Monday’s T-shirt lies underneath Tuesday’s fluffy socks, Wednesday’s pants, Thursday’s larger than average sweater, and Friday’s sun dress. Dissipated adjacent to the style time-case are bright pieces of development paper from Saturday’s Spanish undertaking, and a stack of Sunday’s newly washed clothing. My room is an archeological site, loaded with age-old fossils, clammy towels, power lines, and, some place, a work area. It is an exceptionally planned hindrance course; just I realize where to step to maintain a strategic distance from genuine injury. My psyche has conceived an itemized map, denoting the most secure courses to my bed and drawers. Attracted red are the high-risk zones of my open PC, my half-finished banner board, and my softball bat, permitting me to carefully maintain a strategic distance from a messed up console or a contorted lower leg. We will compose a custom exposition test on My Sedimentary Rock or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page My room is a booby snare for an unconscious trespasser, a customized caution for a cumbersome interloper, and a hideaway from composed society. Consistently, I start to clean. I remember the week’s attire, mail, tasks, and schoolwork, belting nearby my jumble of music and moving cumbersomely around my room. Over the most recent 168 hours I have collected so much filthy clothing that my new clothing bin breaks, gathered so much waste that both of my unobtrusively measured trash jars flood. My bureau has raised the world’s most grounded armed force of half-void tea mugs, who have started to contemplate the morals of home grown fighting. My hairbrushes have gathered in a corner to spread the most recent tattle, and a get together of treats coverings have gone on hunger strike. It’s 60 minutes in length, invigorating experience with a wind finishing: rediscovering the shade of my Ikea-image cover. In strolling past my room every day, my parents’ responses have gradually developed from bothered to impassive. From the outset, they would scowl, closing the entryway firmly to shut out the undesirable wreckage: a mystery imperfection on an in any case famously clean family unit. They’d compel me to clean the â€Å"foul and rank environment,† asserting they could detect the uncontrolled turmoil getting away from the break underneath my entryway. They’d devise ghastliness accounts of my looming fate, estimating that my room was in actuality a covetous beast, bound to gulp down me. In any case, as the years have passed, they have become logically self-satisfied. Presently they simply giggle, making the infrequent joke as they marvel to themselves how I live this way, how it is conceivable that the wreckage doesn’t trouble me. Genuinely, it doesn’t. Consistently I challenge myself to enlarge my insight, uplift my scholarly exhibition, and increment my ability as a competitor. I compel myself to accomplish flawlessness in the homeroom, flawlessness on the softball jewel, and flawlessness on the presentation stage. However, in my room, this weight is off. I don’t must be great. Among the turmoil and mess, I am agreeable, content. Liberated from the pressure of keeping up a specific standard of greatness, I am ready to slowly inhale. Unhindered by the tenacious weight of self-inspiration and the resolute want for most extreme accomplishment, I am at long last ready to unwind. Thus, I don’t simply let the chaos live: I desire it. I grasp it. In at any rate one feature of my life, I welcomeimperfection. Be that as it may, the entryway to my room remains for all time shut.

The Role of Horoscopes in Daily Life Essay

The Role of Horoscopes in Daily Life Essay The Role of Horoscopes in Formulation of Daily Life Essay The Role of Horoscopes in Formulation of Daily Life Essay Mainstream society is a marvel of the contemporary world, which contains the assorted variety of components infiltrating life of each person. There are components, which bring out an inspirational disposition, while others urge individuals to be suspicious and see the entire arrangement of data without reality. In the possibility of routine components, which plan the embodiment of mainstream society, it is conceivable to think about various things. Be that as it may, horoscopes have a noteworthy impact in definition of day by day life of most of people. It is difficult to preclude this part from claiming life, which began its reality some time in the past. Horoscopes plan a basic part, which impacts human lives paying little mind to their needs. There are various feelings in regards to horoscopes. A few people will in general have confidence in forecasts created by stargazers, while others acknowledge it as a joke or fiction. By and by, clearly everyone thinks about horoscopes and has a particular supposition with respect to truth about every forecast dependent on stars. Moreover, paying little heed to the assessment, horoscopes despite everything detail a piece of the mainstream society. It is difficult to envision existence without forecasts created by celestial prophets. Also, horoscopes affect the unbelievable figures who would in general have confidence in each expectation. Also, the contemporary world has made this component a chic component for some superstars who have their own celestial prophets and keep on changing their lives to the every day portion of horoscopes created by someone else. Horoscopes have become a fundamental piece of the encompassing scene, which should anticipate the closest future and assist people with planning forever difficulties. The present paper censures horoscopes from various perspectives and assesses its place in the arrangement of human relations. Moreover, the pape r means to break down the spot of horoscopes in the mainstream society, which shapes advancement of each person in assorted manners. Subject of Interest The chose theme is a portrayal of human instinct, which underpins the purpose of putting stock in extraordinary. Horoscopes comprise an otherworldly part of life, which is in all likelihood not to have any impact on human turn of events or some other occasion occurring throughout everyday life. Be that as it may, most of individuals will in general accept that horoscopes mirror a short portrayal of the closest future, which can assist with getting ready forever difficulties. What's more, these individuals will in general rely upon data given in a horoscope, imagining that it is a key to progress and satisfaction. Horoscopes make numerous individuals subject to the data they get from papers, magazines, and the Internet. It is difficult to deny that the individuals who will in general conform to day by day dosages of expectations are more passionate and puerile than others. Infantilism implies that it is an impression of human instinct ready to put stock in fantasies. Truth be told, fa ntasies are reflected through horoscopes, which can be found in a huge number of sources with various implications around the same time. The chose theme has numerous focal points as long as everyone has in any event once cleaned up with horoscopes and pondered accepting or not in realities referenced in a short forecast. In the possibility of forecasts produced by crystal gazing, it is conceivable to guarantee that this point has consistently assumed a job of a controller in lives of numerous individuals. Numerous verifiable figures would in general alter their action to horoscopes, which were created by their own celestial prophets. Indeed, it implies that celestial prophets have assumed a job of a guide and individual controller, which can change the course of things to come. Adolf Hitler was one of the most well known authentic pioneers who trusted in the intensity of horoscopes and attempted to act as per expectations made by his own crystal gazer Louis de Wohl. De Wohl was viewed as a Hungarian â€Å"Nostradamus† and was famous among the British world class and other social layers ready to go to his administrations in want to think about the closest future. Truth be told, de Wohl was one of the individuals who trusted in the intensity of stars ready to foresee further occasions occurring in life of each human as per his idiosyncrasies. Hitler counseled de Wohl all together not exclusively to anticipate his own future, yet in addition the eventual fate of the Third Reich (Winter, 2006). It was his own astrologist’s commitment to peruse data written in the stars and get included into the political circle so as to see the most advantageous places of Germany. De Wohl included himself into a mentally based activity, which spoke to numerous individuals with want to see the embodiment of future. In any case, it is conceivable to guarantee that horoscopes psychologically affect individuals ready to have faith in the extraordinary part of life. What's more, individuals have for a long while been itching to anticipate the future so as to maintain a strategic distance from mix-ups and take a risk of being cheerful without confronting troubles. Convictions will in general figure a fundamental piece of life, which make a noteworthy piece of human instinct endeavoring to make sure about them. These are the reasons the chose subject is proper for the thought from the point of view of the mainstream society course. Contemporary Interest in Horoscopes Today, horoscopes keep on infiltrating lives of a huge number of individuals. Clearly political figures, famous people, first class layers of the general public, and open people keep on having faith in expectations, which can assist with investigating the future and change the course of occasions if issues are probably going to happen. In the conversation of the point, it is important to specify that the contemporary mainstream society has numerous components, which are fascinating to the youthful age. It is conceivable to see the inclination of the young, which incorporates numerous people going to the suspicious side as far as view of horoscopes. The chose theme can't leave anybody uninterested as long as it creates inverse perspectives and energizes thinking on reality of realities reflected in horoscopes. In any case, it is conceivable to help the point that the contemporary world doesn't rely upon horoscopes as much as it used to before. The quantity of such people isn't excessively enormous, however there is a rising inclination supporting the point that horoscopes are not that significant in expectation of life. It is an engaging component, which may be useful in contemplating what's to come. Moreover, it doesn't give any ensure that horoscopes reflect verifiable realities, which will happen regardless of what occurs. The contemporary society with a critical number of the young will in general accept an extraordinary side of forecasts. Individuals begin to see it as tips for additional action. In the light of the mainstream society course, horoscopes and their pith should be given extraordinary consideration as long as they are mirroring the human instinct of the contemporary phase of human turn of events. It is a component, which is created by characteristics of the country. Be that as it may, it should be equivalent for each individual conceived in a similar period. Various magazines and papers contain various realities reflected in horoscopes, which should be the equivalent and push individuals to the correct choice. Clearly this subject requires unique thought as long as it begins to go to the silly and doesn't contain any solid data about the closest future. There are numerous individuals kidding that they could without much of a stretch compose a hundred of various horoscopes for a similar period. Individuals pick what to trust in and what steps to take towards activities in the closest future. Horoscopes, thus, have begun to reflect eccentricities of countries where celestial prophets should give expectations as per the stars. Likewise, it has just gotten a ludicrous side of life insofar as individuals begin to think about stargazers as a calling, which needs exceptional aptitudes so as to peruse data dependent on the area of planets. Indeed, consi dering horoscopes from the incredulous viewpoint puts numerous life basics at question, which doesn't have any intelligent clarification. For instance, horoscopes don't have a particular data, while individuals will in general accept that the chain of expectations has an immediate association with them. These are the reasons clarifying significance of considering the chose point and talking about it with peers during the mainstream society class. Hypotheses of Popular Culture In the possibility of mainstream society, it is conceivable to think about three distinct speculations, which have a noteworthy significance in crystal gazing and horoscopes all in all. The hypothesis of mass society, the hypothesis of culture industry, and the hypothesis of dynamic development define the embodiment of understanding the connection between mainstream society and horoscopes. Right off the bat, the hypothesis of mass society centers around dynamic significantly affecting centralization everything being equal. Horoscopes will in general be an impression of summing up all parts of the closest future, in this manner massly affecting the general public and choices it makes when it gets data from outside sources. Also, the hypothesis of culture industry has a connection to the shopper private enterprise, through the perspective of which it is conceivable to see the pith of horoscopes. Purchaser free enterprise requires considering control of customer request, which creates further portrayal of things to come in horoscopes. For instance, it is conceivable to see the pith of commercialization in the dynamic procedure dependent on expectations. What's more, persistent adherence to data introduced in horoscopes makes extra interest advancing further age of prophetic expectation

Images of Rush preparation

Images of Rush preparation Every year, the campus is engulfed by frenetic activity in the week leading up to Rush/Orientation. So I decided to bring you a few pictures of the activity in my neck of the woods. But first, a pic of my hallmate, Deirdre 08, that I took a while back for an entry that never happened. One stereotype that has always bothered me is that MIT girls are unattractive. I think this picture effectively shatters that. Deirdre 08 is hot, confounding stereotypes not only of MIT women but of Course 6 majors. Anyway, back to the point of this entry. Every year on 5th East, we repaint Black Bemis black. It has to be repainted because all through the year we chalk it up, as in this message left by Phife 04 when I was a freshman: Last night, we made it all black and shiny again! In a bizarre effect probably caused by how long the shutter was open on my camera, Diandra 06 looks transparent as she and Clayton 08 paint: In the meantime, the East Campus courtyard has become the site of interesting happenings. For example, the other night, I finally met Laura 09 in person, discovering her in a group of Burton-Conner temp-frosh that Alex 08 of Burton 3rd was showing around the courtyard. What I really mean, though, is that theres lots of interesting construction. Hmm, I wonder what this will be? Lit by a glaring light so that students can continue to work at one in the morning, we see the beginnings of a furniture stadium surrounded byI think thats going to be a homemade moat/river. And here we get a more up-close look at the stadium and moat. If youre a new freshman and on campus, you should come see in person, instead of relying on the dubious quality of my pictures. You can find the courtyard during much of the day by the music being blasted to entertain the working residents. Post Tagged #East Campus

How Sports Can Bring People Together - 589 Words

In Joe Humphreys believed that â€Å"sport has an uncanny ability to make us lose perspective, bring the worst in people, facilitates a decline into gang culture and creation of barriers between groups†. He also believed that sports are not ideal for family relationships. I disagree with his point. In doing this I am going to argue against his believe by making clear reference to Sport as a unifier. There are many positive things which sports bring to the world. But my main focus is how sport can bring different people together. Looking back at Joe’s words he only focuses on the negative which sports brings out of people. All the descriptions he mentions is only a hand full of people. People are there to enjoy themselves and support the team they love. What Joe is describing is the hooligans not the supporters. These people bring out the negative image of what supporters are like. â€Å"Sport is a universal language that brings people together, no matter what their origin, background, religious beliefs race or economic status.† As shown in image one, sport brings all kinds of people together. Mandela saw sport as a way to brings South Africans. He knew that people will not automatically change once he was elected president. He knew that it would take time and he believed that through sport the healing will go faster. No one predicted South Africa would make the finals, let alone win the crown jewel of rugby in 1995 a year after Nelson Mandela was elected president. But theShow MoreRelatedHow Sports Can Help Bring Together Diverse Groups Of People1158 Words   |  5 Pagestime for sports. I looked at the world and it’s people through the eyes of a Shakespeare geek, and thought throwing around a ball and cheering for people wearing certain colors was a waste of time. Never in my wildest dreams would I think of giving football the time of day, but that was before I became a mascot. By some kind of luck and desperation for a job I have ended up as the Piper: the red and grey sports mascot of Hamline. Through this job I have come to see how sports can help bring togeth erRead MoreSports Building Peace in Our Troubled World970 Words   |  4 PagesPeace is not the absence of war, but the matter of you being at peace with yourself and others around you. You may ask, how is this possible? Well the simplest way would be through sports. Introducing the Commonwealth Games in 1930, with it’s motto Humanity - Equality - Destiny is a perfect example on how people of different nations, ethics and believes come together through sports. In spite of the fact that not a single person could be titled as the â€Å"founder† of the Commonwealth Games, it was introducedRead MoreSports as a Tool of Integration1725 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is sport? According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The meaning of â€Å"sport† is , activity that you do for pleasure and that needs physical effort or skill, usually done in a special area and according to fixed rules. Through Wikipedia, sport is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner or winners can be identifiedRead MoreSocialization In Sport1091 Words   |  5 PagesSport has a lot of positive avenue not only for socialization, but it can be also for maintaining impact the life of others around you, it is also healthy for you. Sport has impact a lot of people lives, and it help build their confidence and find out who they truly are as a person. â€Å"The explanation of Socialization is based on a social interaction model, that is organized around a combination or cultural, interactionist , and structural theories† (52). this text from the book explains the impactRead MoreSports : Sports And Sports1092 Words   |  5 PagesSports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their lives. Thousands of fans respondedRead MoreHbo : Sports And Sports1118 Words   |  5 PagesDocumentary â€Å"Sport in America†. Sports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched theirRead MoreEssay on Media Models In Everyday Life1254 Words   |  6 PagesInvictus brings up several key points about the media in everyday life. One of the most prominent points brought up in the film is that sports have the power to bring people together and unite them with a common goal. Sports are an enormous part of the media and cultures all over the world. Whether it be the Super-bowl, World Cup, or Olympics, millions of people continue to unite and cheer for the teams they support. The reason in which sports often unites people is that it gives people somethingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1513 Words   |  7 Pagestackles health issue of obesity. In my interventions there are physical activities, nutrition, and knowledge about obesity that can help reduce or eliminate threats of obesity. My program’s goal aims to lower the risk of obesity and giving support. My interventions will be cooperated with community in Oakland and having schools, family, and the community to coming together for this event. There will be booths and stations that teaches the perspective of healthier choices among elementary students.Read MoreDesigning A Building Or Interior Design For Lure Customers1660 Words   |  7 Pagestype of theme. In general, we can all agree that a boring place isn’t very appealing to go into to eat or shop so business owners try to appeal to their customers so that they can attract more business. 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Design and Management Essay Example - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2831 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Building Essay Type Review Did you like this example? Review and evaluate the impact of the proposed Construction (Design and Management)(CDM) Regulations 2006 in the improvement and management of risk. The proposed changes to the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 aim to simply clarify the existing regulations; make the current regulations more flexible and compatible with procurement requirements; place the emphasis on the management of health and safety risk rather than creating paperwork and to strengthen the co-ordination and co-operation between designers and contractors. The initial Act was introduced with a view to setting a safety standard because of the large accident record prior to its introduction. The HSC produced a consultation paper explaining the proposed changes on 31 March 2005 with the consultation open until 29 July 2005, though there has been an extension to receive response documents to 31 August 2005, as many were not submitted in time by the time of the consultation on 29 July 2005. The Regulations are expected to come into force in October 2006. The CDM Regulations were made under section 15 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, the principal Act dealing with securing the health and safety of people at work and those whose health and safety could be affected by work activities. The regulations came into force on 31 March 1995, and implemented provisions of European Directive No. 89/654/EEC, Temporary or Mobile Construction Sites Directive, which specifies a health and safety plan to be adhered to by five key parties to be involved in the Regulations when undertaking a project. These are the employer, planning supervisor, consultant, principal contractor and sub contractors and self-employed persons. The previous approach was statutory, with a view to avoiding unsafe situations. Under regulation 6, the client or the developer must appoint a planning supervisor and a principal contractor. The planning supervisor must notify the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) about the project; fulfil specific requirements regarding design and ensure that the health and safety plan complies with the requ irements (Regulations 14 15). The consultant (or designer) has a duty to design to minimise risks in accordance with health and safety legislation. The principal contractor has to co-ordinate all contractors to ensure compliance with the health and safety plan. Contractors and self-employed persons have to co-operate with the principal contractor, and to advise of any risks connected with their work. The CDM Regulations 1994 apply to construction work lasting for more than 30 days or involving more than 500 person days of work; construction work involving five or more people on site at any one time; design risk related to construction and demolition work. Prior to the introduction of the CDM Regulations 1994, the accident statistics were 100 fatal accidents annually in the late 1980s. By 1994, the annual total of fatal accidents was reduced to 75, and thereafter, from 1994 to 2004 to between47 and 73, and furthermore for injuries lasting more than three days, the annual t otal was 17,177 in 1989/1990, which reduced to 8162 in 2003/2004. However, critics of the Regulations referred to the possibility that this may be influenced by a reduction in the amount of construction activity rather than purely as a result of implementation of the CDM Regulations alone. There were inconsistencies in case law; it was considered that a subcontractor has the duty to warn contractor of a design defect for which another party was responsible and scope of implied term as to skill and care in performing contract owed by sub contractor to contractor. In the Court of Appeal case of McCook v Lobo in which an employee was injured on a construction site falling from a ladder, it was decided that although the site owner had breached the CDM Regulations 1994 by failing to prepare a health and safety plan in advance of the commencement of the building work, it was considered that it was unlikely that such a plan would cover the securing of ladders and therefore could not be considered as having caused the injuries. In 2002 the construction Discussion Document (DD) formally recognised that there was a need for changes with regard to the industrys health and safety performance, and the ensuing discussions led to the conclusion that although the principles underpinning the CDM Regulations were accepted, the methods adopted to implement the CDM Regulations often resulted in the principles being obscured beneath layers of bureaucracy and paperwork. Therefore, the HSC concluded that the CDM Regulations needed to be revised by refocusing attention on effective, but practical, planning and management of construction projects. The Health and Safety Commission launched a 4 month consultation on its proposals to replace both the current Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994and the Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 with a single set of Regulations. A draft set of amended CDM Regulations has been drafted toge ther with a draft of revisions to the Approved Code of Practice by the HSC and the Construction Industry Advisory Committee (CONIAC). The new CDM Regulations were made available for comment in the hope that a set of Regulations can be formed that properly address the industrys concerns in relation to health and safety and the inadequacies of the current Regulations. The problems with the current Regulations also were argued to include the fact that many of the intended benefits were not being fully realized, contributed to by the difficulty in implementing radical change into the construction industry and the financial implications of full CDM compliance, together with the structure of the regulations themselves, the role of the planning supervisor being unsatisfactory as not being part of the core contraction team. The complexity of the regulations themselves was a problem despite the consensus regarding the underlying ethos remaining valid. The proposed CDM Regulations are intended to be simpler and to remove any uncertainty regarding the nature of the duties imposed. They are also structured differently, setting out precisely what is expected of each duty holder. The changes that have been introduced by the CDM Regulations 2006 include the following: for applicable projects there will be two types of construction projects, notifiable and non-notifiable, and a project will remain notifiable if it is likely to involve more than 30 days or500 person days of construction work. Notification to HSE must be made before design work, planning or preparation for construction begins; for the client, he must ensure there are suitable project management arrangements for health and safety and allocate sufficient resources, explicitly including time, to ensure that this can happen. To make sure principal contractors have sufficient time to make proper preparations for work on the site, the co-ordinator has to advise them of the minimum notice allowed between appointment and commencement of work. The client and the principal contractor must also ensure adequate facilities are in place at the start of the construction phase of the project, by means of a document prepared by the principal contractor setting out the health and safety arrangements and site rules for a project. The client can no longer appoint an agent to delegate these duties, as the provisions on agents will be removed as they are seen as a means to allow clients to absolve themselves of their legal obligations. Now several clients on the same project can now agree amongst themselves that one client should be the sole client, the aim being to prevent anyone retaining control and avoiding responsibility. Furthermore, the client and the principal contractor must ensure that there are adequate welfare facilities are in place at the commencement of construction; in relation to the planning supervisor/co-ordinator, the planning supervisor has to be replaced by co-ordinator, the co-ordinator must be appointed before the design work commences and designers and contractors cannot be appointed in advance of the coordinator. The designer must eliminate any hazards and reduce risks to the health and safety of persons carrying out construction work, cleaning or maintaining the permanent fixtures or using the structure as a place of work, and provide sufficient information about the design, construction or maintenance of the structure to assist any other designers and the principal contractor fulfil their duties. Further requirements are specified in relation to competence, and it is stated that no appointment or engagement is to be accepted unless the particular person is competent, perhaps in relation to industry standards. In relation to a pre-tender or pre-construction plan this is to be replaced with an information pack that should focus attention on communication of the information that designers and contractors need to plan a nd do their work. In relation to the health and safety file, this will be required for a site rather than for each particular project. Demolition has to be planned and carried out in such a manner with a view to preventing, as far as possible, unnecessary danger, with arrangements for demolition work recorded in writing. The civil liability that would arise from the introduction of the new Regulations is that employees (though not self-employed workers) will now be permitted to take action in the civil courts for injuries resulting from failure to comply with duties under the Regulations. The new Regulations are regarded as representing a radical and fundamental change in construction health and safety legislation. The Regulations can be regarded as being much more detailed and prescriptive than CDM Regulations 1994 and will impose a wide range of new duties and potential abilities with a potential significant impact on allocation of risks and responsibilities in the cons truction industry. It can be argued that the biggest change is in the duties of the client, who now has a number of new responsibilities for health and safety. Furthermore, wider duties have been imposed upon both designer and principal contractor than under CDM Regulations1994, and all sectors of the construction industry need to be aware of the effect of the proposed Regulations and the significantly increased risk of enforcement action, including prosecutions by the HSE, for all members of the project team. The purpose of the Regulations is arguably to ensure that responsibility for health and safety is placed with those who are best placed to manage it and to simplify the legislation to make it easier to understand the roles, responsibilities and duties of the various members of the project team. In evaluating the changes introduced by the CDM Regulations 2006, the consequences thereof are demonstrated by the changes to the clients responsibilities made on the basis t hat the client has the greatest control and influence over a construction project, though there is significant onus upon the client in the imposition of the obligation to appoint a competent co-ordinator and a principal contractor and the obligation to ensure that the co-ordinator performs his duties under the Regulations. The additional obligation is the duty to ensure that the designer, principal contractor and contractors are given sufficient time to plan and prepare for carrying out construction work. In relation to co-ordinator duties, it can be seen that the role of the co-ordinator is similar to that of the planning supervisor under CDM Regulations 1994, but with a number of important additional responsibilities which make the role of co-ordinator prominent in the project team. The co-ordinators role is intended to assist the client, designer and principal contractor to achieve better health and safety on site. The clients obligation is demonstrated by the need t o appoint the co-ordinator at an early stage in the project and before any design work or preparation for construction is carried out. The obligation of the co-ordinator is to identify and extract all the information to secure the health and safety of persons engaged in construction work and those who are liable to be affected by the way in which that construction work is carried out, and he is also required to identify and extract information to assist the client, the designer and the principal contractor to perform their duties under the Regulations arguably, the co-ordinator has a broader responsibility for design and is required to advise on the suitability and compatibility of designs and on any need for modification to those designs. The co-ordinator is also required to liaise with the principal contractor in relation to any design or design changes which affect the construction phase plan. The obligations upon the designer include the requirement to eliminate haza rds which may give rise to risks to health and safety (e.g. not specifying the use of materials which could be hazardous, addressing design issues to minimise use of scaffolding or working at height). Furthermore, he must also take into account the risk to any person using a structure which it designs as a place of work in the future when it prepares or modifies its design. The obligations upon the principal contractor includes the obligation obliged to ensure that every contractor is given sufficient information to carry out its obligations under the regulations and to allow the contractor to carry out the work safely. He must ensure that every worker carrying out construction work is provided with site induction and any further information and training to ensure that a particular element of work is carried out without unnecessary risk to health and safety. There is also an obligation that there is co-operation, and duty is imposed upon everyone covered by the CDM Regula tions 2006 to co-operate with each other and to seek the co-operation of others involved in any project involving construction work to enable each party to meet their obligations under the Regulations. Criticisms of the attempt of the HSC to adapt the original Regulations include the argument that the industrys record in focusing upon the safety rules as opposed to the paper trail has been poor, and that therefore as demonstrated by the ten year record in adopting the CDM Regulations 1994, the record of the industry in reaping the benefits from such changes are not good. It has been argued that despite the fact that implementation of such rules should be simple, as it merely relates to managing projects from concept to completion, ensuring that there are adequate resources and sufficient time, and that health and safety standards are integrated into all levels of project management and the benefits demonstrated to be ensured as a result, the industry has always chosen to f ocus upon the costs and the unnecessary paperwork, with a view to ignoring these benefits. Other criticisms include the argument that the CDM Regulations 2006 do not go far enough in addressing the underlying causes of the industrys health and safety record, argued by some sectors as being unacceptable. It has been argued that merely replacing a paper trail system with a system that focuses upon co-operation and management is not going to change much in the statistics regarding health and safety, as in many cases the designers argue that the contractors do not understand their design solutions, and contractors argue that designers do not understand how buildings are built. It is argued that although it is hoped that the planning supervisor can override these problems by bridging the gap, often they cannot because of inadequate fees, lack of authority or a lack of skill. Therefore, the system of co-operation would not work because the more duties are imposed, the more uncl ear each individual duty appears to be. It has been acknowledged that the CDM Regulations 2006 could improve matters to some degree in relation to the need for training and debate to increase health and safety awareness, but an alternative solution has been suggested in which the clients procuring the projects should be made ultimately responsible for health and safety issues, as the client is in the ideal position to do so. In this instance, it has been considered that the duties delegated to the client under the CDM Regulations 2006 are vague and relate to matters such as the provision of information. It is therefore argued that there cannot be a significant change of the improvement and management of risk until clients in at least the public and commercial sectors are given more direct responsibility for ensuring that projects are carried out with regard to the safety standards. In ensuring this, reference is made to the need for civil and criminal sanctions. In concl usion, the proposals made by the HSC are merely an attempt to address many of the main problems of the current Regulations, but as the HSC is willing to admit, they do not deal with all the issues, and are intended to be a starting point, to encourage and facilitate discussion by means of responses from members of the construction industry. The delay in submitting responses by the prescribed deadline has not in theory affected the fact that the new Regulations are due to be implemented in October 2006.It can be argued that contrary to the criticisms levelled at CDM Regulations2006, the responsibilities of the client have been increased to an appropriate degree, and that in a fair and proportionate manner appropriate obligations have also been placed upon other participants in a project. It appears that even so the ultimate onus is upon the client to ensure that a planning supervisor is employed with the correct skill and experience to ensure smooth running of the project an d to effective address the concerns regarding management and risk. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Design and Management Essay Example" essay for you Create order

A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer Free Essays

string(106) " musical extravaganza drawing over 500,000 people\) might include tradition, celebration and civic pride\." Today, although still representing a small percentage of the overall promotional budget, the outlay of rumination dollars for sponsorship castles Is growing rapidly (Parker, 1991; Candler and Shank, 1989; Scott and Chard, 1992). Not only are today’s sponsorships more sophisticated (I. E. We will write a custom essay sample on A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer or any similar topic only for you Order Now , more than simply the donation of cash for event production but most firms are expecting a reasonable return on their sponsorship dollar in the form of increased sales (Octahedron and Van Kirk, 1992). While firms enter into sponsorship arrangements with a variety of goals, two of the most important are: to increase brand awareness; and to establish, strengthen, or change brand image Crowley, 1991; Marshall and Cook, 1992; Meghan, 1991; Memorable teal . , 1991). Recently, these goals have been theorized to be important in the development of customer-based brand equity, defined as the differential effect of brand knowledge on the consumer’s purchase decision (Keller, 1993). In Seller’s conceptualization, brand knowledge (which drives customer-based brand equity) Is a function of both the consumer’s awareness of the brand and the Image(s) associated with that awareness. â€Å"In particular, the variability, strength, and uniqueness of the brand associations play a critical role in determining the differential response† (Keller, 1993, p. 8). Brand awareness is achieved by exposing the brand to as many potential consumers as possible (Asker, 1 991 ). Sponsorship activities present multiple opportunities for achieving awareness objectives, and much of the research to Image creation model 145 International Marketing Review, Volvo. 14 No. 3, 1997, up. 145-158. MAC university press, 0265-1335 International Marketing Review date in the sponsorship literature has focused on awareness issues such as sponsor recall (e. G. McDaniel and Kinney, 1996). Regrettably, less attention has been given to event and brand image issues. A number of questions exist regarding the effect of sponsorship promotional activities on brand and event image. For example: ; What factors contribute to an event’s image? ; Do consumers associate an event’s image with sponsoring brands? ; If there is an image association between event and sponsor, is there a theoretical explanation that can be used to understand this linkage? ; If there is an image association between event and sponsor, what factors moderate (strengthen or weaken) this relationship? How does event image influence attitude towards the brand? Although attempts at measuring the return on the sponsorship investment have been made (e. G. , total event attendance, exit polls, sales following the event, and number of media mentions), an understanding of how sponsorship â€Å"works† has yet to be developed (Octahedron and Van Kirk, 1992; Cavalry et al. , 1994; Memorable teal . , 1991; Parker, 1991). The purpose of this article is to present a model exp laining the mechanisms by which brand image may be impacted through sponsorship activities. Specifically, drawing on the theory of meaning rareness from the celebrity endorsement literature, a model is presented which suggests the factors involved in creating an event’s image and the subsequent transfer of that image to the sponsoring brand. Furthermore, several factors are identified that may moderate the relationship between event image and brand image. While the focus of this article is on the conceptual development of image transfer in sponsorship, a variety of research propositions are offered to guide future empirical inquiry. A framework for the transfer of event image Model conceptualization and overview Brand image has been defined as â€Å"perceptions about brand as reflected by the brand associations held in memory’ (Keller, 1993, p. 3). Keller suggests that the variability, uniqueness, and strength of the associations are critical to a brand’s success. Brand associations are developed from a variety of sources including product use, informational sources (e. G. , advertising, packaging, word-of-mouth), and association with other entities. The â€Å"association with other entities† source is of particular relevance to sponsorship activity. Keller has suggested that when a brand becomes associated with an event, some of the associations linked with the event (e. . , youthful, relaxing, enjoyable, disappointing, sophisticated, elite, etc. ) may become linked in memory with the brand. This transfer of associations is consistent with research in the celebrity endorsement process. Initial research regarding celebrity endorsement focused on the credibility and attractiveness of the message source (I. E. Celebrity) to explain the persuasive nature of endorsers. That is, more credible and attractive endorsers were viewed as more persuasive. However, McCracken (1989), pointing to conflicting research results, suggested that endorsement effectiveness is better explained by the â€Å"meanings† consumers associate with the celebrity endorser and subsequently transfer to the brand. McCracken uses the term â€Å"meani ng† to describe consumers’ overall assessments of what a celebrity â€Å"represents† based on counterblasts sun as social class, gender, age, personality Ana Testily. In individual characteristics (e. . , regal, trashy, maleness, strong, caring, sexual, irreverent, wise) are integrated to define the meaning of the celebrity. Meaning which has been accumulated through their roles in â€Å"television, movies, military, athletics, ND other careers† is thought to reside in celebrities (McCracken, 1989, p. 315). According to McCracken, the meaning attributed to celebrities moves from the celebrity endorser to the product when the two are paired in an advertisement. That is, meanings associated with the celebrity become associated with the product in the mind of the consumer. To complete the meaning transfer process, consumers acquire the meaning in the product through consumption. This process is illustrated in Figure 1. 147 Figure 1 . Meaning movement in the endorsement process McCracken (1989) â€Å"meaning† in celebrities is analogous to Seller’s (1993) event associations. Following the convention set forward by Keller with reference to brand image, this article uses the term event â€Å"image† to represent the cumulative interpretation of meanings or associations attributed to events by consumers. A comparison can be drawn between celebrity endorsers and events. Just as consumers associate celebrities with certain meanings, so too are events associated with particular attributes and attitudes. It is suggested here that these associations are derived from the event’s type, event characteristics, and several individual consumer factors. This is not unlike the meaning attributed to a celebrity being formed by the various roles he or she occupies. For example, event associations attributed to the annual Chicago Blues Festival (a food and musical extravaganza drawing over 500,000 people) might include tradition, celebration and civic pride. You read "A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer" in category "Papers" Extending this concept of meaning transfer from the celebrity endorser literature, it is suggested that events act in a manner analogous to endorsers in the transfer of image to sponsoring brands. The framework presented in Figure 2 theorizes from McCracken celebrity endorsement model to suggest that International Marketing Review 14,3 148 Figure 2. A model of image creation and image transfer in event sponsorship event image is formed from a number of external and internal factors. Through sponsorship, an event’s image, which may be relatively distinct for different consumer groups, may be transferred through association to the sponsoring product. As indicated in the figure, several factors may moderate the strength of this image transfer. This discussion leads to the offering of the first research proposition: Pl : Through sponsorship, an event’s image will become associated with the sponsoring Dragon ‘s Image. Determinants of event image An event’s image is represented by a particular market segment’s overall subjective perceptions of the activity. The proposed framework suggests three factors that may impact one’s perception of a particular event: event type, event characteristics, and individual factors. Event type . In accordance with the earlier definition, event type can be categorized into at least five areas: sports related, music related, festival/fair related, fine arts related (e. G. Ballet, art exhibit, theatre, etc. ), and professional meeting/trade show related. The type of event impacts event image in a variety of ways. First, it conjures up image associations in the mind of the consumer. That is, most individuals, through past patronage or other forms of exposure (word-of-mouth, television, etc. ) will develop some attitudes (I. E. , positive or negative predispositions towards an event) regarding particular events. These attitudes will serve to frame the image of the particular event type. Note however, that one’s attitude towards an event is only one part of an event’s image. One’s attitude towards an event represents a summary of experiences resulting in some mineral predisposition to respond to an event in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner. Thus, event attitude is an enduring evaluation (Cohen, 1990). While an event’s image will be strongly influenced by one’s attitude towards the event, event image will also be impacted by non-evaluative perceptions of an event that are formed through associations held in the consumer’s memory (Keller, 1993). In this sense, event image reflects the meaning of the event for an individual, and can be characterized using descriptive labels that represent a summation of one’s perceptions. These labels, termed image associations, would include: youthful, mature, carefree, adventurous, educational, social, traditional, exclusive, common, liberal, conservative, high class, family oriented, children oriented, cerebral, athletic, artistic, pride, political, etc. Thus, event image can be thought of as a collection of image associations. In addition to past experiences and other indirect exposures, it is likely that new experiences will shape one’s perception of event image. In fact, image perceptions formed from the most recent event experiences will likely be the most influential in shaping one’s overall event image receptions (Baggage and Warsaw, 1990). New experiences can be divided into two types: the specific activities engaged in or observed; and all interactions with other event attendees/participants and event staff. It is through these two experiences that past event images may be changed or modified and new image associations can be added. The specific activities engaged in or observed may be the same for all participants[l] (e. G. , attendees at a soccer match) or quite varied (e. G. , the individual rides and attractions selected at a local festival), depending on the type of event. Regardless of the similarity of experiences, the essential issue is that a given consumer’s specific event experiences or observations will shape their perceptions of event image. It is also argued here that the number and type of other participants will have an impact on one’s evaluation of the event’s image. For example, the number of spectators may impact one’s assessment of the success of the event. Perhaps events may be viewed as more successful when they draw more attendees. In Alton, ten under AT participants may Impact perceptions AT crowding, event availability, and wait times. Type of participant† represents the demographic and cryptographic characteristics of others attending the event. The attendees at some events represent relatively homogeneous market segments in terms of social class, family life cycle, age, gender, political affiliation, etc. For example, spectators of professional golf tournaments may be middle aged, white males, with above median incomes. In other cases, events draw heterogeneous types of participants. Just as other customers can have a substantial impact on consumer’s perceptions of service firms, so too can other participants have an impact on one’s event experiences and bequest assessment of event image (Bitter et al. , 1994). These factors, perceptions based on past experiences, event activities, and the number and type of spectator/participant, constitute one aspect that will serve to shape consumers’ overall subjective perceptions of a given event. Based on the above discussion, several research propositions are suggested: 149 International Marketing Review 14,3 150 App: Direct experience and/or indirect information (word-of-mouth, advertising, etc. ) with an event type will influence event image. Pub: The specific activities experienced or observed during an event will influence event image. PC: The number and type of other spectators/participants will influence event image. Event characteristics. Within a given event type (e. G. , music concert series, trade show, etc. ), a number of characteristics will vary from event to event. The â€Å"level† of the following five event characteristics will likely influence consumers’ perceptions of an event’s overall image: event size, professional status of participants (professional or amateur), tradition/history associated with the event, event venue, and promotional appearance. Event size can be considered along a number of dimensions, including Engel of event, level of media exposure (local, regional, national, international), number of performers (if applicable), and amount of physical space occupied. The same type of event, for example electronic industry trade shows, can vary along all of these dimensions, creating different images for the same event type. Likewise, other event characteristics such as the professional status of performers (professional versus amateur) or the venue in which the event is staged (e. . , temperature, convenience, physical condition, etc. ) will impact one’s overall assessment of the event’s image. One could theorize that, in most cases, perceptions of quality, legitimacy, and attendance desirability will be higher with long running, large, elaborately staged events, featuring professionals in attractive and convenient venues. The perceived promotional appearance of a brand’s sponsorship activities may a ppear anywhere along a spectrum from advertiser to benefactor. A perception towards the benefactor end of the spectrum may lead to increased feelings of goodwill towards the brand because it is perceived as donating funds to make the event possible (McDonald, 1 ) conversely, tanner may De a negative reaction to ten Americanization of events that have not been sponsored in the past. These events may be perceived as â€Å"selling out† to the corporate world. This has become especially true in the Arts, where some individuals feel that sponsorship (corporate or governmental) of the Arts leads to censorship Jacobson, 1993; Wood, 1996) . However, due to increasing costs, it has become even more critical for events to obtain outside sponsors in order to continue to exist. To take full advantage of the goodwill aspects, the sponsoring brand may need to educate attendees regarding the beneficial role sponsorship plays in event production. Due to its association with the event, a sponsoring brand’s promotional claims can be legitimated, which serves to increase the believability of the promotional message (McDonald, 1991). Additionally, a sponsoring firm may be perceived as making an event possible for the consumer (Chew, 1992; McDonald, 1991). The perception may be especially strong for small events which often have difficulty securing financial support. In this sense, the consumer does not view the sponsorship as a form of promotion, but rather the sponsoring brand is seen as providing a service to the attendee and a level of dowdily is generated by the firm. Again, the skepticism that can be associated with traditional advertising may be circumvented. Brands that are viewed as â€Å"benefactors† will be seen in a more favorable light. The consumer may even feel the need or desire to reciprocate by purchasing the brand. Following from the above discussion, the following research propositions are suggested: App: Event size will influence event image. Pub: Professional status of participants will influence event image. PC: Tradition/history associated with the event will influence event image. Pad: Event venue will influence event image. Pee: Promotional appearance will influence event image. Individual factors. Because of the large number of factors influencing event image and the unique manner in which participants may interpret those factors, an event may have different images for different individuals. Qualitative research has revealed each sport to have its own individual image, and sponsors will tend to benefit from image transfer accordingly’ (Parker, 1991, p. 26). Three individual factors are suggested here that may impact event image: the number of images an individual associates with an vent; the strength of the particular image; and the past history one has with a specific event. Thi s last factor differs from the â€Å"past experience† factor discussed under event type. Past history refers to the unique experiences associated with a specific event, whereas past experiences refers to encounters with a general event type. Events that consumers perceive as having multiple images will be more difficult to associate with a single identity. This will be compounded when the meanings are of a conflicting nature. Thus, an individual with many event associations may have a hafting image of the event, depending on which association is currently most salient. Related to this is that images can be very strong or relatively weak. It is likely that a single strong image will dominate over several weaker ones. This will cause an event Image to De consistent over time, out Limits ten realness Tanat multiple Image associations would confer. Finally, an individual’s personal history with a particular event may have an impact on one’s perception of an event’s image. A long history will typically lead to a more ingrained and consistent image. An individual that has attended or has been associated with an event for a substantial time period may also have nostalgic feelings that become associated with the event’s image. Events that have multiple or vague images pose problems for a firm’s sponsorship selection decision because it becomes more difficult to predict the image that may become associated with the event, and ultimately â€Å"transferred† to the product. The above discussion leads to the following research propositions: App: Individuals associating an event with a large number of images will have difficulty identifying a consistent event image. 151 International Marketing Review 14,3 152 Pub: Individuals with a single, strong image association will have consistent event images over time. PC: Individuals with a single, strong image association will have less rich event images. Pad: Individuals with long-term participation in an event will hold a consistent event image for that event. This section has identified three broad areas (event type, event characteristics, and individual factors) that influence the creation of an event’s image, although there may be some event image determinants not explicitly discussed in the previous section. It is likely that any unrepresented actors could be accommodated within the proposed areas. The next section discusses constructs that may moderate the relationship between event image and brand image. Moderating variables in the model Potential moderating variables presented in the model are discussed in two sections. In the first section variables potentially impacting the strength of the image transfer from event to brand are discussed. As such, variables pertaining to the formation of strong memory associations (degree of similarity) and exposure to the sponsor’s message (level of sponsorship and event frequency) are discussed. The second section on moderating rabbles examines how one’s involvement with a product may moderate the impact of the event’s image on brand attitude. Attitude towards the event and attitude towards the brand are conceptualized and discussed as being components of event image and brand image, respectively. Although not illustrated in Figure 2, these attitude components should be considered as a part of each of the respective â€Å"image† boxes in the figure. Moderators between event image and brand image This section will discuss three moderating variables impacting the strength of the â€Å"transfer† between an event’s image and the image of a sponsoring brand. As indicated above, the basis of the relationship is the meaning transfer between these constructs and it is this process that the moderating variables are proposed to influence. The first moderating factor to be discussed in the image transfer process is the degree of similarity between the event Ana ten sponsor. A product can nave letter Atonally or Image related similarity with an event. Functional similarity occurs when a sponsoring product is actually used by participants during the event. An example of this type of similarity is Valentine’s sponsorship of automobile racing. The link is established because, apart room being a sponsor, Valentine’s motor oil products are actually used by many of the participants during the event. The second type of similarity is termed image related, and occurs when the image of the event is related to the image of the brand. An example of this type of linkage is Pepsin’s sponsorship of the 1993 Michael Jackson World Concert Tour. Here the similarity comes from the youth and excitement orientation of both the music and the product. Interestingly, some sponsors do not appear to be linked to the events they sponsor. For example, the USAFG Sugar Bowl combined a large insurance firm with a collegiate football game. It is suggested here that either functional or image based similarities forge stronger ties and help the consumer to link the event image with the brand. Thus, sponsor- event similarity (functional or image based) will enhance image transfer by more firmly anchoring the relationship in the consumer’s mind. This assertion is consistent with some celebrity endorsement literature which suggests that â€Å"MIS-matches† between endorser and brand decrease the effectiveness of the endorsement (Katie, 1987). A second factor that may moderate the image transfer from event to sponsoring brand is the level of sponsorship. Sponsorship arrangements can run the gamut from a single sponsor to hundreds of sponsors at many different levels. Multiple sponsors for a given event lessens the probability that a particular brand will be associated with the event, due to the additional stimuli each consumer must attend to and recall (Hutchinson and Alba, 1991). Often, events allowing multiple sponsors will offer different â€Å"levels† of sponsorship. By contributing different dollar amounts to the event, the sponsor can buy enhanced packages. These enhancements include better sign/banner location, more frequent media mentions, and premium kicked and hospitality packages. Exclusive sponsorship, or at least a dominant position, will increase the likelihood of meaning transfer from the event to the sponsoring brand by more firmly establishing the link between event and brand. The frequency of the event will also have an impact on the image transfer process. Events may be on either a one-time or recurring basis. Although a onetime event does not allow recurring event-sponsor associations to be developed over time, some events may be of such a unique nature that they attract a great deal of media attention (e. G. , Hands-Across-America). However, an ongoing event (annual, semi-annual, monthly, etc. Should have the benefit of more firmly establishing a link between the event and the brand due to repeated exposures (Manacling et al. , 1991). The above discussion leads to the following research propositions: App: The higher the degree of similarity (image or functional based) between event and sponsoring brand, the more effective the image transfer between e vent and brand. Pub: The more exclusive the level of sponsorship, the more effective the image transfer between event and brand. PC: The more frequent the event, the more effective the image transfer between event ND brand. Image creation m Ode I 153 Moderators between event image and attitude towards the brand As discussed previously, one’s attitude towards the event will help to shape one’s image of the event. Thus, event attitude is a component of event image. Likewise, attitude towards the brand is considered under this framework as a International Marketing Review 14,3 154 component of brand image. Indeed, recent conceptualizations of brand image include an attitude component (Keller, 1993). As such, the model presented in Figure 2 suggests that event image will have an impact on attitude towards the brand. However, might there be situations in which this relationship is moderated by another factor? Advertising research with endorsers has demonstrated that product involvement level (defined as the level of personal relevance a product has to a consumer, resulting from the perceived level of risk associated with the product’s consumption or non-consumption) can impact the attitude formation process (Petty et al. , 1983). â€Å"Specifically, we have shown that when an advertisement concerned a product of low involvement, the celebrity status of the product endorsers was a very potent determinant of attitudes about the product. When the advertisement concerned a product of high involvement, however, the celebrity status of the product endorsers had no effect on attitudes, but the cogency of the information about the product contained in the ad was a powerful determinant of product evaluations† (Petty et al. , 1983, p. 143). Following from this research, level of product involvement should moderate the relationship between event image and attitude towards the brand, such that event image will have a larger impact on brand attitude for a low involvement product. The influence of event image on brand attitude can be understood further by considering the type of persuasion process likely to occur. Petty and Capacious (1986) elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests that persuasion can occur along two routes. The central route to persuasion occurs when an individual bases product evaluation on â€Å"diligent consideration of information that a person feels is central to the true merits of an issue or product† (Petty et al. , 1983, p. 144). The second route to attitude change, peripheral, suggests that change may also occur through the association of the object with positive or negative cues (e. G. , expert source, pleasant surroundings, forceful presentation, etc. ). This conceptualization of the peripheral persuasion route is consistent with Seller’s (1993) position of links in memory being established between an event and the sponsor. One characteristic of sponsorship that distinguishes it from some other promotional methods is its indirect nature (McDonald, 1991). That is, the sponsorship is, at best, a secondary concern (behind the actual event) for the participant. Furthermore, other than the brand’s name and/or logo, seldom is any type of commercial message associated with the firm’s products. Thus, sponsorship would appear to operate along Petty and Capacious peripheral persuasion route due to this indirect nature, and lack AT available cognizant International. Emplace tests AT ten ELM model suggest Tanat ten central route to persuasion is more effective for high involvement goods, while the peripheral route has a higher impact on low involvement goods (Petty et al. , 1983). Theorizing from the ELM, one could conclude that when the sponsoring brand is a low involvement product, event image will be a potent force in determining brand attitude. Conversely, the promotional benefit, in terms of attitude change, for high involvement products appears to be small. Product involvement is only likely to be applicable when the sponsorship is focused at the brand level, as opposed to the sponsorship focus being at the firm level. The discussion in this section gives rise to the following research propositions: App: Brand attitudes of low involvement goods will be strongly influenced by event image. Pub: Brand attitudes of high involvement goods will be weakly influenced by event image. PC: Persuasion processes from event sponsorship take place on the peripheral route. Implications for practice and research Implications for practice Several implications for marketing practice can be drawn from the proposed model. First, firms should consider more than simply the number of potential customers their sponsorship signage and other identifiers will reach. It is important to consider the image of the event, as this image may become associated with the brand. An event’s image can be assessed through a variety of methods. However, given its potentially ambiguous and transitory nature, qualitative methods in the form of depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques, are likely to provide the best view of how consumers perceive a given event. Event organizers might take it on themselves to conduct such studies and use the results to recruit potential sponsors. In the course of such research, event organizers may find that the image of their event is not what they thought. Furthermore, it would be wise for event image studies to take place on a regular basis to assess changes in event image over time. This would allow event organizers to take corrective action in a timely manner. The proposed model suggests a variety of event image determinants that could be manipulated to position a given event in a different light. In terms of the sponsoring rand, the model suggests several aspects of sponsorship that should be considered when deciding on potential event affiliations. One aspect that should be considered, in light of image transfer benefits, is the degree of similarity between the event and the brand. Brand awareness benefits are likely to accrue regardless of similarity levels, but it has been argued here that image associations will be more likely when some link exists, either image or functional, in the consumer’s mind. Firms looking to add sponsorship activities to their promotional mix should also consider the level of pensioners and frequency of the event. Although most firms will look at these aspects with an eye towards the total dollar commitment, it may also be wise to consider the meaning transfer implications. As discussed previously, exclusive sponsorships in events occurring on a frequent basis will likely maximize the image transfer potential of the sponsorship purchase. Finally, firms should consider whether image transfer benefits will actually have any influence on consumers’ attitudes towards their brand and ultimately their purchase intention. The model suggests that, in terms of impacting a How to cite A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer, Papers

Determinants of Employee Motivation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Determinants of Employee Motivation. Answer: Introduction: I worked in KFC before, where my job designation was customer service officer. The organization has been quite reputed but it was quite tough for me as the management never cared about performance appreciation. My immediate supervisor, the territory manager was extremely dependant on how well the managers would behave with him and ignore the performance. I personally believe in hard work but my supervisor did not even care about the data and number. I also found that regular performance review was not done accurately by the manager and therefore, my appreciation was always ignored. This has been quite similar to some officers as well. With the course of time, I came to know how should the queries of clients be managed and the way staffs should serve customers. I used to take sessions and ensure demonstrations to my fellow staffs so that they could give their best and make customers satisfied. This even resulted in better customer response and very less client complaints. However, my appreciation was always been ignored by the supervisor. In the corporate sector, performance evaluation, employee satisfaction, role evaluation criteria and customer satisfaction indicates organizational sustainability. However, if the employees are not given attention, the motivation is affected. Same was my problem. I was never the part of managers attention and therefore gradually I kept on losing interest. Some of the most important problems that I faced were lack of managers support, lack of performance evaluation criteria, poor job role and objective communication and managers incapability to understand employee need. Being the customer service officer of the store, I needed the support of manager regarding store infrastructure development so that client could have been more satisfied. However, there was no proper indication from my manager. At the time of crisis such as delay in supply and delivery, poor employee commitment and electrical issues, I hardly got any support from my manager. On the other hand, while highlighting about the performance evaluation criteria, I was never shared the top employee contribution and success factors of other officers. I felt this as a biased attitude of the manager. There was no transparency and performance evaluation was mostly done based on personal likability and intimacy. This impacted my motivation as even though I worked hard by I was never appreciated or supported. While considering the role and objective, I must highlight that prior to working in KFC, I had very less knowledge of management and therefore my supervisor would have guided me to achieve organizational objectives, however I was never communicated the same. Finally, I never found the managers ability to understand an employees need and requirement. Fringe benefits have become quite common these days and therefore managers must understand the real cause of employee dissatisfaction. Overall I must say that motivation was my main issue, which resulted in poor performance in my last service days. I must highlight that in future, the territory manager must appreciate employee performance based on set criteria and biased attitude must be avoided so that the best can be achieved from an employee. The workplace at KFC was not quite satisfactory for me. I always used to feel lack of motivation during my job at KFC. One of prime reasons for my de-motivation was lack of proper support from my senior managers. I did not get adequate support from my senior managers for handling complex situation in regards to complex situation. Such practice of the senior managers made me quite frustrated and de-motivated at the workplace. The lack of my de-motivation can best be explained through the Expectancy Theory of Motivation. As per this theory, the behaviour of the employees results from conscious choices among the alternatives, whose main purpose is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. The theory explored that the individual performance of the employees is dependent on their skills, knowledge, personality, abilities and experience. This theory has explained the job motivation of the employees through three variables like expectancy, instrumentality and valence. According to Mikkelsen et al. (2017), expectancy is dependent on the belief that increased efforts will lead to increased job performance. However, the motivation for such increased job performance is dependent on rights resources and skills available for doing the job. Rahman et al. (2013) opined that right resources and skills increases the confidence level and motivation level of the employees towards enhancing their effort level for increased job performance. While considering my motivation level at KFC, I was new to the job and I needed some training for upgrading my skills level at the field of customer service department. However, I never got adequate and effective training from the organization towards upgrading my skill level. Therefore, lack of skills actually reduced my motivation towards enhancing my performance level. On the other hand, Lau, Chong and Ketvi Roopnarain (2014) opined that motivation level of the employees is highly dependent on necessary support from the s upervisors towards doing complex job. Moreover, kind support from the supervisors minimizes the complexity level of the job done by the employees. In this way, the reduced complexity level actually increases the motivation level of the employees. However, I never got proper and adequate support from my supervisors for handling complex situation at customer service department. Therefore, I faced quite difficulties in handling the critical problems of the customers. In this way, the increased complexity level of the job actually decreased my motivation level at the organization. Trpanier et al. (2015) pointed out than Instrumentality is the belief that better performance leads to valued outcome for the employees. It is the degree in which first level outcome leads to second level outcome. However, in this case, performance and motivation of the employees depends on some variables. As per Porter et al. (2016), the employees are motivated to enhance their job performance, when there is clear relationship between job performance and job outcome. Moreover, the rules and criteria for the job reward should be transparent to the employees. However, in KFC, there was no clear relationship between the job performance and reward system. Therefore, I did not feel any kind of motivation for enhancing my job motivation. On the other hand, Dobre and Ovidiu-Iliuta (2013) opined that employees are highly motivated in their workplace, when they can have enough trust on the mangers taking organizational decision or set criteria for reward system. However, in KFC, I never have had any clear relationship with the managers setting performance appraisal criteria. Therefore, I had lack of trust on them and never had trust on the performance appraisal criteria. In this way, lack of transparency in the performance appraisal process made me de-motivated in the organization. According to Gupta, Nina and Jason (2014) valence defines the importance, which the employees place upon the expected outcome. As per this theory, adequate level of effort will lead to required performance level. On the other hand, it also defines the probability that successful performance will lead to certain outcome. However, in this case, the managers of the organizations should identify the individual motivational factors of the employees. Moreover, the reward system should be based on individual motivational needs and demands. The employees are motivated to work harder, when their individual needs and demands are met in their organization. However, the managers of KFC were incapable of understanding the individual needs and demand of the employees. Therefore, they never understood my motivational factors. Therefore, they were incapable of providing me adequate motivational factors for increasing my job performance. Therefore, such practice of the managers made me de-motivated i n the organization. While considering Justice Theory of Motivation, it can be said that the employees are actually motivated through the perceived fairness of the authoritys decision making. Olafsen et al. (2015) pointed out that trust and justice impact both the motivation level and behaviours of the employees. Different dimension of justice theory defines different aspects of employee motivation. According to Facer et al. (2014), distributive justice defines the fairness of decision making outcome of the organization. Moreover, it judges the fairness with which the employees are rewarded for their contribution level in the organizational success. As per equity norms, the employees are rewarded as per the individual achievements. Therefore, the employees become satisfied through fulfilling their individual needs and demands. On the other hand, in equality norms, organizations provide rewards equally (Kaur and Avneet 2013). Moreover, every employee gets the same reward. Furthermore, as per need norms, t he employees are rewarded as per what they need. While considering the workplace at KFC, I saw that the organization rewards the employees as per equity norms. Moreover, there is lack of individual performance evaluation. Therefore, I never got appreciation for my individual high level of performance. It was quite de-motivating for me that I never got individual praise for my enhanced performance. Achim et al. (2013) pointed out that procedural justice defines the perceived fairness of decision making process. It assesses the degree to which the employers follow appropriate process towards making decisions for employees. As per this justice, the employees are motivated in their organization, when they are allowed to voice opinions in organizational decision making process. Fernet et al. (2015) stated that procedural justice avoids bias for ensuring neutral decision making in organizations. It enhances the trust level of the employees on the employers. In this way, perception of procedural justice is quite important for ensuring employee motivation and employee relation in any organization. While I was in KFC, I observed that the employers of the organization did not follow transparent criteria for performance appraisal. Moreover, the performance appraisal process was full of biasness, which actually undermined the actual performances of the talented employees. In this way, I w as also never got any perfect evaluation of my performance. Therefore, I was quite de-motivated and frustrated in the organization. According to Hauser and Laurentiu (2014), interpersonal justice defines the perceived fair of interpersonal relationship, which the employees receive from their employers and upper management. The employees are motivated at the workplace, when they are highly valued in their workplace. Therefore, the managers of any organization should their employees in respectful and dignified manners. The higher valued and respect will be provided to the employees, the higher their motivation level will enhance. On the other hand, Sekhar et al. (2016) opined that the employees are motivated at their workplace, when the managers use proper language and behave politely with them. Perception of interpersonal justice can have long lasting effect on the satisfaction and motivation level of the employees. It also impact on the organizational commitment of the employees. While considering the KFC, I never got any supportive behaviour from the managers in my workplace. The managers never treat the employe es with dignity, which was highly de-motivating in the organization. As per Bro et al. (2017), informational justice defines the perceived fairness of communication received by the employees from the managers. Moreover, the employees are motivated to work for their organization in loyal manner, when the managers openly and transparently communicate with them. As per justification rule, the employees should explain the decision making process and its outcome clearly and openly to the employees. Timely communication of such decision making process and its outcome to the employees will enhance their involvement level and commitment level for working hard towards implementing that organizational decision. On the other hand, Zafar et al. (2014) opined that the managers should also communicate with the employees honestly and in respectful manner. Moreover, the managers should provide clear and concise justification to the employee for any organizational decision. It will enhance the value and worth of the employees, which in turn enhance the motivation leve l of the employees. However, when I was in KFC, I realized that the managers of the organization were incapable of communicating with the employee transparently. The managers never thought it worthy to share any information with the employees. Therefore, I felt like undervalued at my workplace, which made me highly de-motivated. Reference List Achim, Ioan Moise, Larisa Dragolea, and George Balan. 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